Large, integrated constellations of satellites have multiple satellites flying in formation such that each location on Earth has access to the same number of satellites at any given time. Earth-observation and connectivity are transitioning toward a model of small-satellite operators managing large satellite constellations, with Earth-observation seeing a huge increase in the number of small-satellites. For the purposes of Earth-observation, operators are flying fleets from as small as 3 to over 100 small-satellites, whilst connectivity has larger constellations of 65-720 satellites.